DLK-dependent biphasic reactivation of herpes simplex virus latency established in the absence of antivirals

Abstract

Understanding the molecular mechanism of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latent infection and reactivation in neurons requires the use of model systems. However, establishing a quiescent infection in cultured neurons is problematic as infectious virus released from any productively infected neuron can superinfect the cultures. Here, we describe a new reporter virus, HSV-1 Stayput-GFP, that is defective for cell-to-cell spread and can be used to model latency and reactivation at the single neuron level. Importantly, quiescent infection of neurons with Stayput-GFP can be established without the use of a viral DNA replication inhibitor. The establishment of a quiescent state requires a longer time frame than previous models of HSV latency using DNA replication inhibitors. This results in a decreased ability of the virus to reactivate, and the use of multiple reactivation triggers is required. Using this system, we demonstrate that an initial Phase I wave of lytic gene expression occurs independently of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication but is dependent on the neuronal cell stress protein, DLK. Progression into the later, Phase II wave of reactivation, characterized by detectable late viral protein synthesis and a requirement for histone demethylase activity, is also observed with the Stayput-GFP model system. These data demonstrate that the two waves of viral gene expression following HSV-1 reactivation are independent of secondary infection and occur when latent infections are established in the absence of a viral DNA replication inhibitor. ImportanceHerpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) enters a latent infection in neurons and periodically reactivates. Reactivation manifests as a variety of clinical symptoms. Studying latency and reactivation in vitro is invaluable, allowing the molecular mechanisms behind both processes to be targeted by therapeutics that reduce the clinical consequences. Here, we describe a novel in vitro model system using a cell-to-cell spread defective HSV-1, known as Stayput-GFP, which allows for the study of latency and reactivation at the single neuron level. We anticipate this new model system will be an incredibly valuable tool for studying the establishment and reactivation of HSV-1 latent infection in vitro. Using this model, we find that initial reactivation events are dependent on cellular stress kinase DLK, but independent of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication. Our data therefore demonstrate the essential role of DLK in mediating a wave of lytic gene expression unique to reactivation.