P. A. Bullough

This study reveals the atomic structures of a bacteriophage with a contractile tail that infects Clostridioides difficile, showing that tail contraction alone provides enough energy to penetrate the S-layer and cell wall without enzymatic activity.

The paper reveals the architecture and self-assembly of the exosporium in Clostridium sporogenes, showing a conserved protective strategy across spore-forming bacteria.