Bridging-mediated compaction of mitotic chromosomes

Eukaryotic chromosomes compact during mitosis and meiosis into elongated cylinders - and not the spherical globules expected of self-attracting long flexible polymers. This process is mainly driven by condensin-like proteins. Here, we present Brownian-dynamics simulations involving two types of such proteins. The first anchors topologically-stable and long-lived chromatin loops to create bottlebrush structures. The second forms multivalent bridges between distant parts of these loops without entrapping them. We show bridging factors lead to the formation of shorter and stiffer mitotic-like cylinders, without requiring any energy input. These cylinders have several features matching experimental observations. For instance, the axial condensin backbone breaks up into clusters as found by microscopy, and cylinder elasticity qualitatively matches that seen in chromosome pulling experiments. Additionally, simulating global condensin depletion or local faulty condensin loading gives phenotypes in agreement with experiments, and provides a mechanistic model to understand mitotic chromatin structure at common fragile sites.