The transcription factor Vca0578 (DsvR) mediated expression of ZapC is required to promote cell division during lytic transglycosylase insufficiency in Vibrio cholerae

Abstract

The bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, a polymer made of amino-acid-bearing glycan strands, maintains cell shape, provides structural integrity, and protects against osmotic lysis. PG maintenance is an active process that requires regulated PG breakdown to make space for insertion of new PG strands. PG breakdown is accomplished by autolysins, i.e. endogenous enzymes with cell wall cleavage activity. The lytic transglycosylases (LTGs), a class of autolysins, for example, cleave glycan strands during PG remodelling. LTGs are broadly conserved and are highly redundant in bacteria, but their physiological role is poorly-defined. In this study, we interrogated physiological consequences of LTG insufficiency in Vibrio cholerae using TnSeq to gain insights about roles of these enzymes. We identify an uncharacterized transcription factor, Vca0578, which alleviates defects associated with the {Delta}6LTG mutant. We demonstrate that Vca0578 positively regulates the expression of zapC, a typically non-essential Z-ring associated protein. In the absence of zapC, cell division was impaired during perturbations of cell envelope homeostasis caused by absence of LTGs, or by exposure to antibiotics inhibiting cell elongation; either condition rendered zapC conditionally essential. This essentiality could be overcome by increasing FtsZ levels. Lastly, we found that ZapC also contributes to both width and length homeostasis during normal growth. This work thus uncovers a novel transcriptional circuit that contributes to effective cell division in{Delta} 6LTG cells, and suggests an essential role for ZapC in cell division under stress conditions that cause perturbation of cell width homeostasis. AUTHOR SUMMARYBacteria must maintain their outer shell (the cell envelope) in the face of changes in the environment. For this, they use elaborate systems that remodel the cell envelope. How some of these systems work is not well understood. In this study, we describe a new gene circuit that is required to keep cells dividing when the cell envelope is compromised. We found that Vca0578, a putative transcription factor, controls expression of the zapC gene. The protein ZapC then helps bacteria grow and divide when the cell envelope is under stress, for example, in the presence of certain antibiotics. Thus, we have discovered a regulatory circuit that promotes bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance under stress.