Regulation of the formin INF2 by actin monomers and calcium-calmodulin

In response to increased intracellular calcium, the formin INF2 polymerizes 20-30% of the total cellular actin pool within 30 sec, suggesting robust regulation. INF2 regulation requires an auto-inhibitory interaction between the N-terminal Diaphanous Inhibitory Domain (DID) and the C-terminal Diaphanous Auto-regulatory Domain (DAD). DID mutations are dominantly linked to two human diseases, and constitutively activate INF2. However, DAD binding to actin monomers competes with DID binding, disrupting regulation. Here, we use a novel cell-free assay for detailed investigation of INF2 regulation. Contrary to our previous findings, INF2 inhibition does not require CAP proteins but does require actin buffering by monomer-binding proteins such as profilin or thymosin. INF2 is activated by calcium-bound calmodulin (CALM) through CALM binding to the N-terminus. In addition, the N-terminus plays an important role in INF2 regulation beyond CALM binding. These findings support a role for actin monomer binding proteins in not only regulating overall actin dynamics but also in specific regulation of an actin polymerization factor. SummaryIn this work, a concerted regulatory mechanism for INF2 is described, in which INF2 is activated by a combination of calcium-calmodulin and free actin monomers. In other words, INF2 senses actin monomers, making monomer binding proteins like profilin and thymosin important for INF2 regulation.