Spatial transcriptomics using combinatorial fluorescence spectral and lifetime encoding, imaging and analysis

Multiplexed mRNA profiling in the spatial context provides important new information enabling basic research and clinical applications. Unfortunately, most existing spatial transcriptomics methods are limited due to either low multiplexing or assay complexity. Here, we introduce a new spatialomics technology, termed Multi Omic Single-scan Assay with Integrated Combinatorial Analysis (MOSAICA), that integrates in situ labeling of mRNA and protein markers in cells or tissues with combinatorial fluorescence spectral and lifetime encoded probes, spectral and time-resolved fluorescence imaging, and machine learning-based target decoding. This technology is the first application combining the biophotonic techniques, Spectral and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Microscopy (FLIM), to the field of spatial transcriptomics. By integrating the time dimension with conventional spectrum-based measurements, MOSAICA enables direct and highly-multiplexed in situ spatial biomarker profiling in a single round of staining and imaging while providing error correction removal of background autofluorescence. We demonstrate mRNA encoding using combinatorial spectral and lifetime labeling and target decoding and quantification using a phasor-based image segmentation and machine learning clustering technique. We then showcase MOSAICAs multiplexing scalability in detecting 10-plex targets in fixed colorectal cancer cells using combinatorial labeling of only five fluorophores with facile error-correction and removal of autofluorescent moieties. MOSAICAs analysis is strongly correlated with sequencing data (Pearsons r = 0.9) and was further benchmarked using RNAscopeand LGC Stellaris. We further apply MOSAICA for multiplexed analysis of clinical melanoma Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues that have a high degree of tissue scattering and intrinsic autofluorescence, demonstrating the robustness of the approach. We then demonstrate simultaneous co-detection of protein and mRNA in colorectal cancer cells. MOSAICA represents a simple, versatile, and scalable tool for targeted spatial transcriptomics analysis that can find broad utility in constructing human cell atlases, elucidating biological and disease processes in the spatial context, and serving as companion diagnostics for stratified patient care.