Perphenazine-macrocycle conjugates rapidly sequester the Aβ42 monomer and inhibit amyloid formation

Alzheimers disease is imposing a growing social and economic burden worldwide and effective therapies are required. Strategies aimed at the removal of fibrillar plaques formed by the amyloid-{beta} peptide have not proved therapeutic and the focus has shifted to approaches that target the cytotoxic oligomeric amyloid-{beta} species that are populated before fibrils are deposited. We have designed and synthesized perphenazine-cyclam conjugates that specifically and rapidly bind to the monomeric form of A{beta}42, reducing the production of both cytotoxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils. We have applied detailed kinetic analysis and NMR spectroscopy to show that the perphenazine-cyclam conjugates divert the A{beta}42 monomer into amorphous aggregates that are not toxic to differentiated SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Unlike most other amyloid inhibitors studied to date, these conjugates inhibit oligomer and fibril assembly even in the presence of pre-formed fibrillar seeds, demonstrating that they act through a monomer sequestration mechanism. These modular, three-dimensional conjugates therefore effectively prevent monomer-dependent secondary nucleation, the autocatalytic process that generates the majority of toxic oligomers.