Human metapneumovirus P protein independently drives phase separation and recruits N protein to liquid-like inclusion bodies

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) inclusion bodies (IBs) are dynamic structures required for efficient viral replication and transcription. The minimum components needed to form IB-like structures in cells are the nucleoprotein (N) and the tetrameric phosphoprotein (P). HMPV P binds to two versions of N protein in infected cells: C-terminal P residues interact with oligomeric, RNA-bound N (N-RNA), and N-terminal P residues interact with monomeric N (N0) to maintain a pool of protein to encapsidate new RNA. Recent work on other negative-strand viruses has suggested that IBs are liquid-like organelles formed via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Here, HMPV IBs in infected or transfected cells were shown to possess liquid organelle properties, such as fusion and fission. Recombinant versions of HMPV N and P proteins were purified to analyze the interactions required to drive LLPS in vitro. Purified HMPV P was shown to form liquid droplets in the absence of other protein binding partners, a novel finding compared to other viral systems. Removal of nucleic acid from purified P altered phase separation dynamics, suggesting that nucleic acid interactions also play a role in IB formation. HMPV P also recruits monomeric N (N0-P) and N-RNA to IBs in vitro. These findings suggest that, in contrast to what has been reported for other viral systems, HMPV P acts as a scaffold protein to mediate multivalent interactions with monomeric and oligomeric HMPV N to promote phase separation of IBs. IMPORTANCEHuman metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease among children, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. Currently, no vaccines or antivirals are available for treatment of HMPV infections. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), where HMPV replication and transcription occur, represent a promising target for the development of novel antivirals. The HMPV nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) are the minimal components needed for IB formation in eukaryotic cells. However, interactions that regulate the formation of these dynamic structures are poorly understood. Here, we showed that HMPV IBs possess the properties of liquid organelles and that purified HMPV P phase separates independently in vitro. Our work suggests that HMPV P phase separation dynamics are altered by nucleic acid. We provide strong evidence that, unlike results reported from other viral systems, HMPV P alone serves as a scaffold for multivalent interactions with monomeric (N0) and oligomeric (N-RNA) HMPV N for IB formation.