Disruption of hippocampal mitochondrial function underlies opioid-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common and persistent complication in aging individuals following surgery, particularly when opioids are used for perioperative pain management. Although opioids are widely administered in the perioperative setting, the mechanisms by which they contribute to long-term cognitive impairment remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated how synaptic, neuroaxonal, and mitochondrial abnormalities contribute to long-lasting memory deficits induced by surgery and morphine, and evaluated therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Using an aged rat model of surgery with perioperative morphine administration, we found that persistent hippocampal-dependent memory impairments were not attributable to systemic illness or gross dendritic degeneration. Instead, morphine-treated animals exhibited selective reductions in dendritic spine subtypes associated with synaptic stability, impaired late-phase long-term potentiation, and blunted experience-dependent upregulation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1. These synaptic alterations were accompanied by elevated circulating neurofilament light chain (Nf-L), indicating sustained neuroaxonal perturbation. Morphine treatment also produced persistent hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation, reduced respiratory reserve capacity, and increased oxidative DNA damage, including mitochondrial DNA oxidation. These effects were restricted to the hippocampus and not observed in peripheral tissue. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 signaling at the time of surgery, which rescued the memory deficit, attenuated oxidative stress and partially restored mitochondrial function, implicating early neuroinflammatory signaling in the development of long-term mitochondrial impairment. Finally, targeted mitochondrial rejuvenation with SS-31 four weeks post-surgery robustly rescued hippocampal-dependent memory and normalized mitochondrial respiratory function despite persistently elevated DNA oxidation and Nf-L. Together these findings identify sustained hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction as a key mechanistic substrate underlying long-term cognitive deficits following surgery and morphine exposure in aged rats, and highlight mitochondrial bioenergetics as a promising therapeutic target for POCD.