Pore-modulating toxins exploit inherent slow inactivation to block K+ channels

Abstract

Voltage dependent potassium channels (Kvs) gate in response to changes in electrical membrane potential by coupling a voltage-sensing module with a K+-selective pore. Animal toxins targeting Kvs are classified to \"pore-blockers\" that physically plug the ion conduction pathway and \"gating modifiers\" that disrupt voltage sensor movements. A third group of toxins blocks K+ conduction by an unknown mechanism via binding to the channel turrets. Here we show that Cs1, a peptide toxin isolated from cone snail venom, binds at the turrets of Kv1.2 and targets a network of hydrogen bonds that govern water access to the peripheral cavities that surround the central pore. The resulting ectopic water flow triggers an asymmetric collapse of the pore by a process resembling that of inherent slow inactivation. Pore modulation by animal toxins exposes the peripheral cavity of K+ channels as a novel pharmacological target and provides a rational framework for drug design.