Towards optimization of oscillatory stimulation during sleep

BackgroundOscillatory rhythms during sleep such as slow oscillations (SO) and spindles, and most importantly their coupling, are thought to underlie processes of memory consolidation. External slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (so-tDCS) with a frequency of 0.75 Hz has been shown to improve this coupling and memory consolidation, however, effects varied quite markedly between individuals, studies, and species. Here, we aimed to determine how precisely the frequency of stimulation has to match the naturally occurring SO frequency in individuals to optimally improve SO-spindle coupling. Moreover, we systematically tested stimulation durations necessary to induce changes. MethodsWe addressed these questions by comparing so-tDCS with individualized frequency to standardized frequency of 0.75 Hz in a within-subject design with 28 older participants during napping while systematically varying stimulation train durations between 30 s, 2 min, and 5 min. ResultsStimulation trains as short as 30 s were sufficient to modulate the coupling between SOs and spindle activity. Contrary to our expectations, so-tDCS with standardized frequency indicated stronger aftereffects with regard to SO-spindle coupling compared to individualized frequency. Angle and variance of spindle maxima occurrence during the SO cycle were similarly modulated. ConclusionIn sum, short stimulation trains were sufficient to induce significant changes in sleep physiology allowing for more trains of stimulation, which provides methodological advantages and possibly even larger behavioral effects in future studies. With regard to individualized stimulation frequency, further options of optimization need to be investigated, such as closed-loop stimulation to calibrate stimulation frequency to the SO frequency at time of stimulation onset. Significance statementApplication of slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep has been shown to enhance specific memory-relevant sleep parameters and memory performance after sleep, albeit with a high degree of variability. Here, we systematically explored two major stimulation parameters possibly accounting for this variability in humans: frequency and duration of stimulation. We found, contrary to our expectations, standardized frequency stimulation with 0.75 Hz being superior to individualized frequency stimulation in enhancing specific sleep parameters. Moreover short stimulation trains of 30 seconds were as effective as 5 min in modulating aftereffects. These are encouraging findings, implying methodological advantages as larger quantity of aftereffects data can be obtained within the same time window, which may also lead to enhanced behavioral stimulation effects.