Sex-Stratified Transcriptomic Meta-Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Reveal Brain Region and Sex Specific Dysregulation

Abstract

ObjectiveAlzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to cognitive decline. Despite growing recognition of sex differences in epidemiology, symptomatology, and clinical outcomes of AD, the molecular mechanisms underlying these variations remain poorly defined. We performed transcriptome association studies of AD aiming to identify sex-specific and sex-dependent transcriptomic profiles that could provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in AD pathogenesis. MethodsWe conducted a meta-analysis of bulk-RNAseq data derived from human postmortem brain studies. Specifically, we analyzed gene expression differences between individuals diagnosed with AD and non-cognitively impaired (NCI) individuals across two key brain regions: the prefrontal cortex and the temporal lobe. We performed stratified differential expression analyses separately in males and females, alongside combined analyses across sexes. Additionally, we assessed the data in relation to known AD genes, proteomic studies, and drug repurposing opportunities. ResultsBeyond the genes commonly dysregulated across both sexes, our meta-analyses identified multiple differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AD and NCI that are either altered in only one sex or show different effects between sexes. Some genes are known AD genes from genetic studies, but others are novel. Correlation with proteomic data suggests that these transcriptional differences have functional significance, potentially contributing to the biological mechanisms underlying sex differences observed in AD. Finally, we identify drug compounds that are potential candidates for treatment. InterpretationOur findings enhance our understanding of sex-related differences in disease etiology and progression, and underscore the importance of incorporating sex as a critical variable in transcriptomic studies of AD. These insights help pave the way for more precise, personalized medicine approaches that account for sex-specific molecular mechanisms.