RUNX/CBFβ transcription factor complexes promote the phenotypic plasticity of metastatic breast cancer cells

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that drives cancer cell plasticity and is thought to play a major role in metastasis. Here we show that the plasticity of metastatic breast cancer cells can be promoted by the activity of the RUNX transcription factors. We demonstrate that the RUNX co-regulator CBF{beta} is essential to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype of triple-negative breast cancer cells and that CBF{beta}-depleted cells undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and re-organise into acini-like structures, reminiscent of those formed by epithelial breast cells. We subsequently show, using an inducible CBF{beta} system, that the MET can be reversed, thus demonstrating the plasticity of RUNX/CBF{beta}-mediated EMT. Moreover, the MET can be reversed by expression of the EMT transcription factor Slug whose expression is dependent on CBF{beta}, RUNX1 and RUNX2. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of CBF{beta} inhibits the ability of metastatic breast cancer cells to invade bone cell cultures and suppresses their ability to form bone metastases in vivo. Together our findings demonstrate that the RUNX/CBF{beta} complexes can determine the plasticity of the metastatic cancer cell phenotypes, suggesting that their regulation in different micro-environments may play a key role in the establishment of metastatic tumours.