Ribosome Heterogeneity in Development and Disease

The functional ribosome is composed of [~]80 ribosome proteins. With the intensity-based absolute quantification (iBAQ) value, we calculate the stoichiometry ratio of each ribosome protein. We analyze the ribosome ratio-omics (RibosomeR), which reflects the holistic signature of ribosome composition, in various biological samples with distinct functions, developmental stages, and pathological outcomes. The RibosomeR reveals significant ribosome heterogeneity among different tissues of fat, spleen, liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscles. During tissue development, testes at various stages of spermatogenesis show distinct RibosomeR signatures. During in vitro neuronal maturation, the RibosomeR changes reveal functional association with certain molecular aspects of neurodevelopment. Regarding ribosome heterogeneity associated with pathological conditions, the RibosomeR signature of gastric tumors is functionally linked to pathways associated with tumorigenesis. Moreover, the RibosomeR undergoes dynamic changes in macrophages following immune challenges. Taken together, with the examination of a broad spectrum of biological samples, the RibosomeR barcode reveals ribosome heterogeneity and specialization in cell function, development, and disease. One-Sentence SummaryRatio-omics signature of ribosome deciphers functionally relevant heterogeneity in development and disease.