TrpA1 is a shear stress mechanosensing channel regulating intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila

Adult stem cells are essential for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis and supporting tissue repair. Although genetic and biochemical programs controlling adult stem cell behavior have been extensively investigated, how mechanosensing regulates stem cells and tissue homeostasis is not well understood. Here, we show that shear stress can activate enteroendocrine cells, but not other gut epithelial cell types, to regulate intestine stem cell-mediated gut homeostasis. This shear stress sensing is mediated by transient receptor potential A1 (TrpA1), a Ca2+-permeable ion channel that expressed only in enteroendocrine cells among all gut epithelial cells. Genetic depletion of TrpA1 or modification of its shear stress sensing function causes reduced intestine stem cell proliferation and intestine growth. We further show that among the TrpA1 splice variants, only select isoforms are activated by shear stress. Altogether, our results suggest the naturally occurring mechanical force such as fluid passing generated shear stress regulates intestinal stem cell-mediated tissue growth by activating enteroendocrine cells, and Drosophila TrpA1 as a new shear stress sensor.