Recent Endemic Coronavirus Infection Associates With Higher SARS-CoV-2 Cross-Reactive Fc Receptor Binding Antibodies

Recent documented infection with an endemic coronavirus (eCoV) associates with less severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet the immune mechanism behind this protection has not been fully explored. We measured both antibody and T cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals classified into two groups, either with or without presumed recent eCoV infections. There was no difference in neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens between the two groups. SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals with recent presumed eCoV infection, however, had higher levels of Fc receptor (FcR) binding antibodies against eCoV spikes (S) and SARS-CoV-2 S2. There was also a significant correlation between eCoV and SARS-CoV-2 FcR binding antibodies. Recent eCoV infection boosts cross-reactive antibodies that can mediate Fc effector functions, and this may play a role in the observed heterotypic immune protection against severe COVID-19.