A small molecule, ACAi-028, with anti-HIV-1 activity targets a novel hydrophobic pocket on HIV-1 capsid

Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) is an essential viral component of HIV-1 infection, and an attractive therapeutic target for antivirals. We report that a small molecule, ACAi-028, inhibits HIV-1 replication by targeting a hydrophobic pocket in the N-terminal domain of CA (CA-NTD). ACAi-028 is one of more than 40 candidate anti-HIV-1 compounds identified by in silico screening and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Our binding model showed that ACAi-028 interacts with the Q13, S16, and T19 amino acid residues, via hydrogen bonds, in the targeting pocket of CA-NTD. Using recombinant fusion methods, TZM-bl, time-of-addition, and colorimetric reverse transcriptase (RT) assays, the compound was found to exert anti-HIV-1 activity in the early stage between a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, azidothymidine (AZT), and an integrase inhibitor, raltegravir (RAL), without any effect on RT activity, suggesting that this compound may affect HIV-1 core disassembly (uncoating). Moreover, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) also showed that the compound binds directly and non-covalently to the CA monomer. CA multimerization and thermal stability assays showed that ACAi-028 decreased CA multimerization and thermal stability via S16 or T19 residues. ImportanceThese results indicate that ACAi-028 is a novel CA inhibitor that binds to the novel hydrophobic pocket of CA-NTD. This study demonstrates that a compound targeting the new hydrophobic pocket is a promising anti-HIV-1 inhibitor. The findings presented here may offer the development of a novel class of anti-viral agents that can be used, providing HIV-1 patients with more options for Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) treatment. Despite many years of successful pharmaceutical developments in the area of anti-retroviral therapy, the prevalence of drug-resistant mutations in HIV-1, necessitates the continued development of novel agents, such as ACAi-028.