The importance of selected markers of inflammation and blood-brain barrier damage for short-term post-stroke prognosis

Abstract

Background Background Methods Results Discussion Limitations Conclusions The Conflict of Interest... References Stroke causes an immediate local immuno-inflammatory reaction. It is characterized by a strong activation of microglia, astrocytes and vascular endothelial cells; an inflow of inflammatory cells (primarily neutrophils, then macrophages and monocytes); an activation of adhesive molecules and the release of cytokines both from activated cells and the endothelium. Following brain ischemia, a non-specific response is triggered, resulting in the elimination of dead cells from the damage zone and in the protection of surviving neurons from excitotoxicity. In a later stage, specific response mechanisms are activated; these are significant for the regeneration and neurop ...