Structure, function and dynamics of mCoral, a pH responsive engineered variant of the mCherry fluorescent protein with improved hydrogen peroxide tolerance.

The red fluorescent protein mCherry is one of the most utilised fluorescent proteins in biology. Here, we have changed the chromophore chemistry by converting the thioether group of M66 to a thiol group through mutation to cysteine. The new variant termed mCoral due to its orange fluorescence hue has similar brightness to mCherry but has improved resistance to hydrogen peroxide. The variant is also responsive to pH with a low and high pKa forms that have distinct spectral properties, which DFT analysis suggests is due to protonation state changes in the newly introduced thiol group as well as the phenol group. The structure of mCoral reveals that the M66C mutation creates a space within the {beta}-barrel structure that is filled by a water molecule, which makes new polar interactions including with backbone carbonyl group of F65. Molecular dynamic simulations suggests that this additional water molecule, together with local solvation around the chromophore, could play a role in promoting planarity of the full conjugated system comprising the chromophore; the mCoral chromophore makes slightly more H-bonds with water than mCherry. The main water exit point for mCherry is also narrower in mCoral potentially explaining the increased resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Overall, a small structural change to mCherry has resulted in a new fluorescent protein with potentially useful characteristics and an insight into the role of dynamics and water in defining structure-function relationship in red fluorescent proteins.