ARHGEF7 S-glutathionylation promotes cancer cell migration through Rac1 activation

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are central signaling molecules in many biological processes by inducing oxidative modifications of protein cysteine residues, including S-glutathionylation. Increasing evidence supports that ROS contribute to cancer progression via promoting cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Nevertheless, the protein targets of S-glutathionylation that regulate cancer cell motility remain ill-defined. In this study, we report on the redox regulation of ARHGEF7, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor highly expressed in metastatic cancer cells, that plays a major role in regulating cell migration. Our data demonstrates that ARHGEF7 is selectively glutathionylated at the highly conserved C312 residue in its PH domain, which is implicated in regulating its enzymatic activity. Breast cancer cell lines showed increased cell migration and invasion upon glutathionylation of ARHGEF7 at C312 in response to both oxidative stress and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Mechanistically, upon C312 glutathionylation, ARHGEF7 exhibited significantly enhanced binding to Rac1 and increased Rac1 recruitment to the cell membrane and lamellipodia. ARHGEF7 S-glutathionylation also increased its enzymatic rate of GDP-GTP nucleotide exchange, resulting in Rac1 activation. Consequently, ARHGEF7 C312 S-glutathionylation induced Rac1-PAK1 activation and their downstream pathways, including LIMK1 and MEK1, thereby enhancing migration and invasion. Our data reveal a new redox player in cell migration, with its potential implications for ROS-induced cancer progression.