Structural dynamics of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase active site are influenced by coenzyme F430 modifications

Abstract

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is a central player in methane biogeochemistry, governing methanogenesis and the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in methanogens and anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME), respectively. The prosthetic group of MCR is coenzyme F430, a nickel-containing tetrapyrrole derivative. Additionally, a few modified versions of F430 have been discovered, including the 172-methylthio-F430 (mt-F430) that functions with ANME-1 MCR. This study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to unravel the intricacies of the active-site dynamics of MCR from Methanosarcina acetivorans and ANME-1 when bound to the canonical F430 compared to 172-thioether coenzyme F430 variants and substrates for methane formation. Overall, our simulations indicate that each MCR active site is optimized for a given version of F430 and support the importance of the Gln to Val substitution in accommodating the 172 methylthio modification. Notably, modifications in the 172 position disrupt the canonical coordination among cofactors in M. acetivorans MCR, implicating structural perturbations, but evidence of active site reorganization to maintain substrate positions suggest that the modified F430s could be accommodated in a methanogenic MCR. We additionally report the first quantitative estimate of MCR intrinsic electric fields pivotal in driving methane formation. Our results suggest that the electric field aligned along the CH3-S-CoM thioether bond facilitates homolytic bond cleavage, coinciding with the proposed catalytic mechanism. Structural perturbations, however, weaken and misalign these electric fields, emphasizing the significance of the active site structure in maintaining their integrity. In conclusion, our results deepen the understanding of MCR active-site dynamics, the enzymes organizational role in intrinsic electric fields for catalysis, and the interplay between active site structure and electrostatics. This work not only advances our comprehension of MCR functionality but also provides a foundation for future investigations employing sophisticated models to capture the complex electronic properties of MCR active sites quantitatively.