Mapping PTBP splicing in human brain identifies targets for therapeutic splice switching including SYNGAP1

Abstract

Alternative splicing of neuronal genes is controlled in part by the coordinated action of the polypyrimidine tract binding proteins (PTBP1 and PTBP2). While PTBP1 is ubiquitously expressed, PTBP2 is predominantly neuronal, controlling the expression of such targets as DLG4, which encodes PSD95, a protein important in synaptic function whose deficiency causes neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we fully define the PTBP2 footprint in the human transcriptome using both human brain tissue and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-neurons). We identify direct PTBP2 binding sites and define PTBP2-dependent alternative splicing events, finding novel targets such as STXBP1 and SYNGAP1, which are synaptic genes also associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The resultant PTBP2 binding and splicing maps were used to test if PTBP2 binding could be manipulated to increase gene expression in PTBP-targeted genes that cause disease when haploinsufficient. We find that PTBP2 binding to SYNGAP1 mRNA promotes alternative splicing and non-sense mediated decay. Antisense oligonucleotides that disrupt PTBP binding sites on SYNGAP1 redirect splicing and increase gene and protein expression. Collectively, our data provide a comprehensive view of PTBP2-dependent alternative splicing in human neurons and human cerebral cortex, guiding the development of novel therapeutic tools that may benefit a range of neurodevelopmental disorders.