Ed J. Kuijper

The paper characterizes a non-toxigenic C. difficile strain, L-NTCD03, showing antimicrobial resistance and non-toxicity, suggesting its potential as a live biotherapeutic.

This paper describes a GMP-compliant process for producing C. difficile spores for use in controlled human infection models.

The paper surveys Ruminococcus gnavus distribution across host lifestyles and health, revealing higher prevalence in Westernized populations and genomic differences between healthy and Crohn's disease isolates.

The paper compares core genome MLST (cgMLST) with CE-PCR ribotyping and SNP analysis for C. difficile typing, finding cgMLST offers better discrimination but may require adjusted thresholds for outbreak detection.