Neuronal Dynamics During Isoflurane Induction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract

BackgroundHow does neuronal activity change as an animal transitions from being awake to a state of general anesthesia? Previous studies used C. elegans to investigate awake and anesthetized states, emergence from anesthesia, and to establish metrics characterizing how system-wide neuronal dynamics differ under these conditions. This study employs a new technique to image pan-neuronal activity in C. elegans continuously during induction of anesthesia with isoflurane. MethodsC. elegans worms expressing pan-neuronal nuclear RFP and cytosolic GCaMP6s were imaged with light sheet microscopy to measure single cell activity in the majority of neurons in the animals head during induction via isoflurane exposure. Stable concentrations of isoflurane were maintained throughout the experiment by measured flow vaporization of isoflurane into a specially designed gas enclosure compatible with the imaging system. Building on our previous work investigating emergence from anesthesia, we analyzed ensemble neuronal activity, spectrograms of frequency over time, and metrics of information flow between neurons. ResultsInduction of isoflurane anesthesia caused a progressive reduction in neuronal activity over the course of 40 minutes. Spectrograms indicated a loss of bulk signal power across all frequencies, notably in low frequencies too. State Decoupling and Internal Predictability were among the most useful metrics for discriminating the anesthetized state, demonstrating induction kinetics that are the inverse of emergence. However, each animal does not arrive at the anesthetized state at the same time; response times are highly individualized. ConclusionsInformation metrics of neurodynamic activity demonstrate that isoflurane induction results in a gradual increase in neuronal disconnection and disorganization. Thus, at the level of individual neuron connectivity and system dynamics, the induction of anesthesia in C. elegans nematodes is in essence the reverse of emergence. Induction however occurs more rapidly and shows marked variability between individuals. Future genetic studies will show which molecular targets define sensitivity to volatile anesthetics like isoflurane. Summary StatementIsoflurane-induced unconsciousness is a common phenomenon across species. Does the induction of anesthesia arise by distinct state transitions, or through gradual changes in system dynamics when activity is measured at the level of individual neurons?