Pathogenesis and immune responses to Eurasian avian like H1N1 and influenza D virus in pigs.

Eurasian avian like H1N1 (EAavH1N1) and influenza D viruses (IDV) with their ongoing evolution and zoonotic potential are a serious threat to animal and human health. Using experimental infection of pigs, we characterized and compared their pathogenesis, and immune responses. EAavH1N1 induced rapid viral clearance, early immune activation, including robust systemic and mucosal antibody responses and increased IFN{gamma} and TNF production. This heightened immune response was associated with more severe pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract. In contrast, IDV infection resulted in prolonged viral shedding and higher viral titres, with delayed and attenuated cellular immune responses. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of lung further indicated early and persistent suppression of antiviral and innate immune pathways during IDV infection. These findings demonstrate that EAavH1N1 and IDV exhibit distinct viral kinetics, immune activation profiles, and lung responses, providing insight into differences in transmission dynamics, disease severity, and immune control among influenza virus types in swine.