EXOSC10 sculpts the transcriptome during the growth-to-maturation transition in mouse oocytes

Growing mammalian oocytes accumulate substantial amounts of RNA, most of which is degraded during subsequent meiotic maturation. The growth-to-maturation transition begins with germinal vesicle or nuclear envelope breakdown (GVBD) and is critical for oocyte quality and early development. The molecular machinery responsible for the oocyte transcriptome transition remains unclear. Here, we report that an exosome-associated RNase, EXOSC10, sculpts the transcriptome to facilitate the growth-to-maturation transition of mouse oocytes. We establish an oocyte-specific conditional knockout of Exosc10 in mice using CRISPR/Cas9 which results in female subfertility due to delayed GVBD. By performing multiple single oocyte RNA-seq, we document dysregulation of several types of RNA, and the mRNAs that encode proteins important for endomembrane trafficking and meiotic cell cycle. As expected, EXOSC10-depleted oocytes have impaired endomembrane components including endosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. In addition, CDK1 fails to activate, possibly due to persistent WEE1 activity, which blocks lamina phosphorylation and disassembly. Moreover, we identified rRNA processing defects that cause higher percentage of developmentally incompetent oocytes after EXOSC10 depletion. Collectively, we propose that EXOSC10 promotes normal growth-to-maturation transition in mouse oocytes by sculpting the transcriptome to degrade RNAs encoding growth-phase factors and, thus, support the maturation phase of oogenesis.