Conformations and sequence determinants in the lipid binding of an adhesive peptide derived from Vibrio cholerae biofilm

Surface adhesion is critical to the survival of pathogenic bacteria both in natural niches and during infections, often via forming matrix-embedded communities called biofilms. We previously identified a 57-amino acid peptide (Bap1-57aa) as a key contributor to biofilm adhesion of the pandemic pathogen Vibrio cholerae to various surfaces including lipid membranes. Here, we combine biophysical, computational, and genetic approaches to elucidate the molecular mechanism. A central aromatic-rich motif anchors the peptide to lipid bilayers while peripheral pseudo repeats enhance binding through avidity. Surprisingly, the core motif undergoes a lipid-induced conformational transition into a {beta}-hairpin, enabling robust membrane insertion. Moreover, the biofilm-derived peptide, conserved in several other Vibrio species, can adhere to model host surfaces and is sensitive to membrane curvature. Our results provide molecular insight into biofilm adhesion and may lead to new strategies for targeted biofilm removal and the design of bioinspired underwater adhesives. TeaserA short peptide from Vibrio cholerae binds lipids using a unique {beta}-hairpin motif and contributes to host colonization.