Diversification of molecularly defined myenteric neuron classes revealed by single cell RNA-sequencing

Autonomous functions of the gastrointestinal tract require the combined activity of functionally distinct neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS). However, the range of enteric neuron diversity and how it emerges during development remain largely unknown. We here make a novel molecular definition of 12 enteric neuron classes (ENCs) within the myenteric plexus of the mouse small intestine. We identify communication features and provide histochemical markers for discrete motor, sensory, and interneurons together with genetic tools for class-specific targeting. Transcriptome analysis of embryonic ENS reveals a largely post-mitotic principle of diversification, where only ENC1 or ENC8 phenotypic traits arise through a binary neurogenic trajectory, and other identities form through subsequent differentiation. We propose generic and class-specific transcriptional regulators and functionally connect the transcription factor Pbx3 to one post-mitotic identity conversion. Our results offers a conceptual and molecular resource for dissecting ENS circuits, and predicting key regulators for the directed differentiation of distinct enteric neuron classes.