A membrane-permeable small molecule biosensor accesses intractable cells and animals without genetic manipulation

Abstract

Fluorescent biosensors have proven valuable for revealing the spatio-temporal dynamics of protein conformation in live cells and animals. The great majority of biosensors are genetically encoded, but genetic encoding is difficult or impossible to apply in many cases, including cells or animals with poorly understood genomes, no DNA, or sensitive to manipulation. Using biosensors without genetic manipulation could greatly simplify studies in animals, expand the range of accessible organisms, and ultimately enable application in humans. Here we explore using a membrane-permeable small molecule as a fluorescent biosensor. The drug trifluoperazine, which binds only to the active conformation of calmodulin, was covalently linked to an environment-sensing merocyanine dye to create CaMero, a biosensor of calmodulin activation. Simple incubation of CaMero in the extracellular medium, or injection in the tail vein of mice, led to sensitive real time reporting of calmodulin activity. The dye underwent a 12-fold change in fluorescence intensity upon binding to activated calmodulin, revealing waves of activation in peristaltic intestine, localization and kinetics of calmodulin activation during serum stimulation in fibroblasts, and localized activation in the single-celled marine protist foraminifera.