Tumor extracellular vesicles are required for tumor-associated macrophage programming

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are highly infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that promote tumor growth, survival, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Although cytokines such as CCL5 have been implicated in TAM recruitment to TNBC tumors, the mechanism by which tumor cells educate TAMs is not understood. Here we show that tumor EVs are both necessary and sufficient for programming TAMs toward a pro-metastatic phenotype. The mechanism involves CCL5 regulation of tumor extracellular vesicles (EVs), which activate TLR2 and TLR3, leading to secretion of a common set of cytokines that further stimulate tumor cell invasion and metastasis as well as alter the tumor microenvironment. Cytokine expression is significantly correlated to CCL5 expression and up-regulated in TNBC patient tumors. These results demonstrate for the first time that tumor EVs are key mediators of TAM education, phenocopy the pro-metastatic and drug resistant state of the tumors to TAMs, and illustrate the potential clinical relevance of these findings to TNBC patients.\n\nHighlightsO_LITumor extracellular vesicles (EVs) are required for pro-metastatic programming of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)\nC_LIO_LITumor CCL5 and macrophage TLR signaling mediate tumor EV programming of TAMs in TNBCs\nC_LIO_LITumor EVs mediate drug resistance in TAMs and alter recruitment of regulatory T-cells.\nC_LIO_LICytokines expressed by EV-educated TAMs are enriched and correlate with CCL5 in human TNBC patients.\nC_LI\n\neTOCChemokines such as CCL5 recruit tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that are required for metastasis, but TAM programming is not understood. Rabe et al. show that tumor extracellular vesicles (EVs) are required for programming TAMs via Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) to phenocopy the tumor, rewire the microenvironment, drive metastasis and promote immune cell evasion.