Glycyrrhizin, an inhibitor of HMGB1 induces autolysosomal degradation function and inhibits H. pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori a key agent for causing gastric complications is linked with peptic ulcer, gastritis, and in severe cases gastric cancer. In response to infection, host cells stimulate autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, H. pylori have evolved the ability to usurp the hosts autophagic machinery. High mobility group box1 (HMGB1), an alarmin molecule is a regulator of autophagy and its expression is augmented in gastric cancer and many other cancers. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of glycyrrhizin (a known inhibitor of HMGB1) in autophagy during H. pylori infection. Human gastric cancer (AGS) cells were infected with H. pylori SS1 strain and further treatment was done with glycyrrhizin. Western blot was used to examine the expression levels of autophagy proteins. Autophagy and lysosomal activity were monitored by immunofluorescence. We have performed knockdown of HMGB1 to verify the effect of glycyrrhizin by siRNA transfection method. H. pylori-infection in vivo C56BL/6 mice model was established and the effect of glycyrrhizin treatment was studied. We found that the autophagy-lysosomal pathway was impaired due to a significant increase in lysosomal membrane permeabilization during H. pylori infection in AGS cells. Subsequently, glycyrrhizin treatment restored the lysosomal membrane integrity, accompanied by an increase in cathepsin B activity and reduction of ROS and inflammatory cytokine IL-8. The recovered lysosomal function enhanced autolysosome formation and concomitantly attenuated the intracellular H. pylori growth by eliminating the pathogenic niche from gastric cells. Additionally, glycyrrhizin treatment inhibited inflammation and improved gastric tissue damages in mice.