Heterochromatin rewiring and domain disruption-mediated chromatin compaction during erythropoiesis

Development of mammalian red blood cells involves progressive chromatin compaction and subsequent enucleation in terminal stages of differentiation, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the three-dimensional chromatin reorganization and compaction remains obscure. Here, we systematically analyze the distinct features of higher-order chromatin in purified populations of primary human erythroblasts. Our results reveal that while heterochromatin regions undergo substantial compression, select transcription competent regions with active transcription signature are preferentially maintained to achieve a highly-compacted yet functional chromatin state in terminal erythropoiesis, which is about 20-30% of the nuclear volume compared to that of erythroid progenitors. While the partition of euchromatic and heterochromatic regions (compartment A and B) remain mostly unchanged, H3K9me3 marks relocalize to the nuclear periphery and a significant number of H3K9me3 long-range interactions are formed in the three-dimensional rewiring during terminal erythroid chromatin condensation. Moreover, [~]63% of the topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries are disrupted, while certain TADs with active chromatin modification are selectively maintained during terminal erythropoiesis. The most well-maintained TADs are enriched for chromatin structural factors CTCF and SMC3, as well as factors and marks of the active transcription state. Finally, we demonstrate that the erythroid master regulator GATA1 involves in safeguarding select essential chromatin domains during terminal erythropoiesis. Our study therefore delineate the molecular characteristics of a development-driven chromatin compaction process, which reveals transcription competence as a key determinant of the select domain maintenance to ensure appropriate gene expression during immense chromatin compaction.