Sensing their plasma membrane curvature allows migrating cells to circumvent obstacles

Abstract

Cell migration is a hallmark out-of-equilibrium process in biology. In addition to persistent self-propelled motion, many cells display remarkable adaptive behaviors when they navigate complex environments within the body. Combining theory and experiments, we identify a curvature-sensing mechanism underlying obstacle avoidance in immune-like cells. The genetic perturbation of this machinery leads to a reduced capacity to evade obstructions combined with faster and more persistent cell migration in obstacle-free environments. We propose that the active polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton at the advancing edge of migrating cells is locally inhibited by the curvature-sensitive BAR protein Snx33 in regions with inward plasma membrane curvature. This coupling between actin and membrane dynamics leads to a mechanochemical instability that generates complex protrusive patterns at the cellular front. Adaptive motility thus arises from two simultaneous curvature-dependent effects, i) the specific reduction of propulsion in regions where external objects deform the plasma membrane and ii) the intrinsic patterning capacity due to the membrane-actin coupling that promotes spontaneous changes in the cells protrusions. Our results show how cells utilize actin- and plasma membrane biophysics to sense their environment, allowing them to adaptively decide if they should move ahead or turn away. On the basis of our findings, we propose that the natural diversity of BAR proteins may allow cells to tune their curvature sensing machinery to match the shape characteristics in their environment.