Long-read RNA sequencing identifies non-coding isoform switching as a regulator of cell fate

Abstract

Development of long-read RNA sequencing technologies has paved the way to the exploration of RNA isoform diversity and its relevance in regulating cell fate. However, identifying new functional isoforms is still very difficult. Here, we leverage long-read RNA sequencing to study changes in isoforms during somatic cell reprogramming and identify novel isoforms occurring throughout cell state transitions. We demonstrate tight regulation of non-coding isoforms and show that isoform switching plays previously overlooked functional roles and outcomes in gene regulation and cell fate changes. We uncover a novel long non-coding RNA, Snhg26, that undergoes isoform switching during reprogramming to enhance the conversion of differentiated cells towards the pluripotent state. Knock-down of Snhg26 in mouse and human pluripotency models reveals that it is important for pluripotency acquisition. Together, our study provides a resource to study full-length isoform usage during cell fate change. It also demonstrates the power of long-read sequencing to identify functionally relevant gene isoforms in the context of cell plasticity.