Gating transitions and modulation of a hetero-octameric AMPA glutamate receptor

AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate the majority of excitatory transmission in the brain, and enable synaptic plasticity that underlies learning 1. A diverse array of AMPAR signaling complexes are established by receptor auxiliary subunits, associating in various combinations to modulate trafficking, gating and synaptic strength 2. However, their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Here, we determine cryo-electron microscopy structures of the heteromeric GluA1/2 receptor assembled with both TARP-{gamma}8 and CNIH2, the predominant AMPAR complex in the forebrain, in both resting and active states (at 3.2 and 3.7 [A], respectively). Consequential for gating regulation, two {gamma}8 and two CNIH2 subunits lodge at distinct sites beneath the ligand-binding domains of the receptor tetramer, with site-specific lipids shaping each interaction. Activation leads to a stark asymmetry between GluA1 and GluA2 along the ion conduction path, and an outward expansion of the channel triggers counter-rotations of both auxiliary subunit pairs, that promotes the active-state conformation. In addition, both {gamma}8 and CNIH2 pivot towards the pore exit on activation, extending their reach for cytoplasmic receptor elements. CNIH2 achieves this through its uniquely extended M2 helix, which has transformed this ER-export factor into a powerful positive AMPAR modulator, capable of providing hippocampal pyramidal neurons with their integrative synaptic properties.