Spatially Resolved and Highly Complexed Protein and RNA in situ Detection by Combining CODEX with RNAscope In Situ Hybridization

Highly multiplexed protein and RNA in situ concurrent detection on a single tissue section is highly desirable for both basic and applied biomedical research. CODEX is a new and powerful platform to visualize up to 60 protein biomarkers in situ and RNAscope in situ hybridization (RNAscope) is a novel RNA detection system with single-copy sensitivity and unprecedent specificity at a single cell level. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, the combination CODEX and RNAscope remained unreported until this study. Here we report a simple and reproducible combination of CODEX and RNAscope (Comb-CODEX-RNAscope). We also determined the cross-reactivities of CODEX anti-human antibodies to rhesus macaques, a widely used animal model of human disease.