Distinct roles of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms for establishing tension and elasticity during cell morphogenesis

Abstract

Nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) is an integral part of essential cellular processes, including adhesion and migration. Mammalian cells express up to three isoforms termed NM IIA, B, and C. We used U2OS cells to create CRISPR/Cas9-based knockouts of all three isoforms and analyzed the phenotypes on homogeneous substrates, in collagen gels, and on micropatterned substrates. We find that NM IIA is essential to build up cellular tension during initial stages of force generation, while NM IIB is necessary to elastically stabilize NM IIA-generated tension. A scale-bridging mathematical model explains our observations by relating actin fiber stability to the molecular rates of the myosin crossbridge cycle. A dynamic cell stretch/release experiment confirms these predictions and in addition reveals a novel role for NM IIC, namely the ability to establish tensional homeostasis.