ALS Motor Neurons Exhibit Hallmark Metabolic Defects That Are Rescued by Nicotinamide and SIRT3 Activation

Motor neurons (MNs) are highly energetic cells and recent studies suggest that altered energy metabolism precede MN loss in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), an age-onset neurodegenerative disease. However, clear mechanistic insights linking altered metabolism and MN death are still missing. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from healthy controls, familial ALS and sporadic ALS patients were differentiated towards spinal MNs, cortical neurons and cardiomyocytes. Metabolic flux analyses reveal a MN-specific deficiency in mitochondrial respiration in ALS. Intriguingly, all forms of familial and sporadic ALS MNs tested in our study exhibited similar defective metabolic profiles, which were attributed to hyper-acetylation of mitochondrial proteins. In the mitochondria, SIRT3 functions as a mitochondrial deacetylase to maintain mitochondrial function and integrity. We found that activating SIRT3 using nicotinamide or a small molecule activator reversed the defective metabolic profiles in all our ALS MNs, as well as correct a constellation of ALS-associated phenotypes.