Pseudohyphal growth of the emerging pathogen Candida auris is triggered by genotoxic stress through the S phase checkpoint

Abstract

The morphogenetic switching between yeast cells and filaments (true hyphae and pseudohyphae) is a key cellular feature required for full virulence in many polymorphic fungal pathogens, such as Candida albicans. In the recently emerged yeast pathogen Candida auris, occasional elongation of cells has been reported. However, environmental conditions and genetic triggers for filament formation have remained elusive. Here, we report that induction of DNA damage and perturbation of replication forks by treatment with genotoxins, such as hydroxyurea, methyl methanesulfonate, and the clinically relevant fungistatic 5-fluorocytosine, causes filamentation in C. auris. The filaments formed were characteristic of pseudohyphae and not parallel-sided true hyphae. Pseudohyphal growth is apparently signalled through the S phase checkpoint and, interestingly, is Tup1-independent in C. auris. Intriguingly, the morphogenetic switching capability is strain-specific in C. auris, highlighting the heterogenous nature of the species as a whole.\n\nIMPORTANCECandida auris is a newly emerged fungal pathogen of humans. This species was first reported in 2009, when it was identified in an ear infection of a patient in Japan. However, despite intense interest in this organism as an often multidrug-resistant fungus there is little knowledge about its cellular biology. During infection of human patients, fungi are able to change cell shape from ellipsoidal yeast cells to elongated filaments to adapt to various conditions within the host organism. There are different types of filaments, which are triggered by reactions to different cues. Candida auris fails to form filaments when exposed to triggers that stimulate yeast-filament morphogenesis in other fungi. Here, we show that it does form filaments when its DNA is damaged. These conditions might arise when Candida auris cells interact with host immune cells, or growing in certain host tissues (kidney, bladder), or during treatment with antifungal drugs.