Group A Streptococcus Infection of the Nasopharynx Requires Proinflammatory Signaling Through the Interleukin-1 Receptor

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the etiologic agent of numerous high morbidity and high mortality diseases which commonly have a highly proinflammatory pathology. One factor contributing to this inflammation is the GAS protease SpeB, which directly activates the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1{beta} (IL-1{beta}), independent of the canonical inflammasome pathway. IL-1{beta} drives neutrophil activation and recruitment that limits bacterial growth and invasion during invasive skin and soft tissue infections like necrotizing fasciitis. GAS also causes pharyngitis (strep throat), and the upper respiratory tract is its primary nidus for growth and transmission. Since the fitness selection for the species is likely primarily for this site, we examined the process of IL-1{beta} activation in the murine nasopharynx. SpeB still activated IL-1{beta}, which was required for neutrophil migration, but this inflammation instead increased GAS replication. Inhibiting IL-1{beta} or depleting neutrophils, which both promote invasive infection, prevented GAS infection of the nasopharynx. Prior antibiotic exposure increased GAS growth in the murine nasopharynx, and antibiotics were sufficient to reverse the attenuation previously observed when IL-1{beta}, neutrophils, or SpeB were not present to drive inflammation. Therefore, the same fundamental mechanism has opposing effects on virulence at different body sites. Invasive disease may be limited in part due to specific adaptations for inducing host inflammation that are beneficial for pharyngitis. IMPORTANCEOur previous reports showed that Group A Streptococcus (GAS) protease SpeB directly activates the host proinflammatory cytokine IL-1{beta} and this restricts invasive skin infection. The upper respiratory tract is the primary site of GAS colonization and infection, but the host-pathogen interactions at this site are still largely unknown. We provide the first evidence that IL-1{beta}-mediated inflammation promotes upper respiratory tract infection. This provides experimental evidence that the notable inflammation of strep throat, which presents with significant swelling, pain, and neutrophil influx, is not an ineffectual immune response, but rather is a GAS-directed remodeling of this niche for its pathogenic benefit.