Vapor-based Fixation of Pulmonary Tissue in its Physiological State: A Novel Approach to Histological Validation of Ultra High Resolution Phase Contrast CT in Human Sized Lungs

Abstract

Lung diseases continue to present a major burden on public health. Therefore, improving the process of diagnosis by the development of novel imaging techniques is of great importance. In this perspective, phase sensitive CT imaging techniques such as propagation based imaging (PBI) might play an important role as they allow increasing the spatial resolution at very low x-ray dose levels that are comparable to clinical CT. However, the development of such methods is not only hindered by technological problems but also by the lack of precise validation strategies. We adapted formaldehyde (FA) vapor fixation to demonstrate that fresh porcine lungs that have been investigated by PBI can be fixed in their physiological shape and studied by multi-scale microCT imaging as well as classical histology. In addition, we show that FA vapor fixed pig lungs can be scanned by PBI without visible deterioration of image quality compared to fresh tissue. This opens the possibility of fixing and storing, for instance, human lung tissue before performing a PBI experiment, which in turn allows to study pathological changes in human lungs without questioning the translate-ability of findings in pig lung. The setup can be used by any interested researchers.