Cell wall extensin arabinosylation is required for root directional response to salinity

Soil salinity is a major contributor to crop yield losses. To improve our understanding of root responses to salinity, we developed and exploit here a real-time salt-induced tilting assay (SITA). This method follows root growth upon both gravitropic and salt challenges, revealing that root bending upon tilting is modulated by salinity, but not by osmotic stress. Next, this salt-specific response was measured in 345 natural Arabidopsis accessions and we discovered a genetic locus, encoding for the cell-wall modifying enzyme EXTENSIN ARABINOSE DEFICIENT TRANSFERASE (ExAD), to be associated with root bending in salt. Extensins are a class of structural cell wall glycoproteins [hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs)] which are post-translationally modified by O-glycosylation mostly in the form of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-arabinosylation. We show that salt induces ExAD-dependent Hyp-arabinosylation, influencing root bending responses and cell wall thickness. We report that roots of exad mutants, which lack extensin Hyp-Araf4 modifications, display increased root epidermal cell wall thickness and porosity and altered gravitropic root bending in salt, as well as a reduced salt avoidance response. Our results suggest that extensin modification via Hyp-arabinosylation represents a novel salt-specific cellular process that is required for the directional response of roots exposed to salinity.