Bivalent bispecific CD28 antibodies reinforce T-cell responsiveness and revert anergy/quiescence in patients treated with bispecific CD3 antibodies
Latifa Zekri, Natalie Köhler, Ariane Metzger, Nisha Prakash, Jonas S. Heitmann, Monika Engel, Timo Manz, Stefanie Müller, Sebastian Hörner, Karolin Schwartz, Melissa Zwick, Ilona Hagelstein, Nadine Brückner, Martin Pflügler, Josef Leibold, , Helmut Rainer Salih
This paper develops bispecific costimulators (BiCos) that restore T-cell function in patients treated with bispecific CD3 antibodies, reversing anergy and quiescence through enhanced signaling.
bioRxiv · Sep 20, 2026 · PreprintImmunology