Epistasis facilitates the long-term antigenic evolution of the influenza B virus hemagglutinin
Lara S. U. Schwab, Ruopeng Xie, Ellie Reilly, Malet Aban, Natalie Spirason, Yi‐Mo Deng, Shu Hu, Randy Suryadinata, Mónica Galiano, Matthew J. Gartner, Kanta Subbarao, Karen Laurie, Steve Rockman, Adam K. Wheatley, Stephen John Kent, , Marios Koutsakos
The paper analyzes the antigenic evolution of influenza B virus hemagglutinin over 8 decades, identifying epistatic networks that balance antigenic novelty with viral fitness.
bioRxiv · Jul 22, 2026 · PreprintMicrobiology