Developmental BiologybioRxivPreprint
Late embryonic expansion of a novel bone ridge underlies the evolutionary transformation of cylindrically shaped forelimb bones into the flattened skeleton of the penguin flipper
Charlie Longtine, Hannah A. Grunwald, Stephen B. Treaster…·Clifford James Tabin
The paper identifies late embryonic developmental changes in penguin forelimbs that lead to flattened bone morphology and reduced musculature, driven by molecular programs associated with tendon-attachment sites.
DOI 10.64898/2026.06.29.735166