Dietary Availability Acutely Governs Puberty Onset via Hypothalamic Neural Circuit

Reproduction poses a substantial burden, especially for mammalian females. Puberty onset serves as a vital checkpoint, regulated based on the bodys energy state, to prevent inappropriate reproductive activity under malnutrition. However, the neural basis of this puberty checkpoint remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that peripubertal malnutrition in female mice reduces the synchronous activity episodes of arcuate kisspeptin neurons (SEskiss), which are critical regulators of the gonadotropin axis. Improved dietary availability boosts SEskiss frequency, facilitating puberty onset. Using a viral-genetic approach, we show that the activating agouti-related protein neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARCAgrp neurons), a hunger center, suppresses SEskiss, even with enough food. Conversely, loss-of-function of ARCAgrp neurons enhances SEskiss during malnutrition, partly promoting irregular sexual maturation. Collectively, a neural circuit connecting feeding to reproductive centers is responsible for disinhibiting SEskiss frequency based on dietary availability, which sheds light on the neural basis of puberty checkpoint. HighlightsO_LIThe pulsatile activity of arcuate kisspeptin neurons emerges and grows before vaginal opening. C_LIO_LIPubertal impairment resulting from malnutrition is associated with a reduction in the pulsatile activity of kisspeptin neurons. C_LIO_LIPubertal recovery by food availability follows the elevated pulsatile activity of kisspeptin neurons during catch-up growth. C_LIO_LIThe arcuate Agrp neurons suppress the frequency of pulsatile activity of kisspeptin neurons under negative energy balance. C_LI