Scaffold-free cryopreservable cartilage grafts obtained from hiPSC-derived chondroprogenitor cells for airway reconstruction with growth adaptability

Pediatric tracheal reconstruction remains a major clinical challenge because of limited graft availability and the need for growth-adaptive materials. Current approaches, such as costal cartilage grafting and use of scaffold-based constructs, often suffer from complications including graft resorption, donor site morbidity, and poor integration. Here, we present scaffold-free cartilage grafts (chondro-plates) derived from expandable limb-bud mesenchymal cells generated from human leukocyte antigen-homozygous human induced pluripotent stem cells. These grafts are cryopreservable and maintain their hyaline cartilage phenotype after a brief pre-culture. In both rat and rabbit tracheal defect models, chondro-plates supported robust cartilage regeneration, epithelial reconstitution, and neovascularization. Importantly, in a pediatric-like growing rat model, chondro-plates preserved luminal patency and structural integrity, outperforming autologous costal cartilage. This study demonstrates a clinically viable, off-the-shelf strategy for tracheal reconstruction using scalable, immunocompatible, and growth-adaptive cartilage grafts.