The mitotic chromosome periphery: a fluid coat that mediates chromosome mechanics

Abstract

Mitotic chromosomes are specialised packets of condensed genetic material with dynamic mechanical properties. Each chromosome is coated by a sheath of proteins and RNA, called the mitotic chromosome periphery (MCP). The MCP is widely considered as an essential chromosome compartment where its multiple functions bestow material properties important for successful cell division. However, the details of the micromechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes, and specifically if and how the MCP contributes to these features, remain poorly understood. In this study, we present the most comprehensive characterisation of single-chromosome mechanics to date spanning a broadband frequency range, using optical tweezers and a novel microrheology technique. We extend this analysis to the first direct measurements of MCP micromechanics by manipulating levels of Ki-67, the chief organiser of this compartment, and apply a rheological model to isolate its contribution to chromosome dynamics. We report that the MCP governs high-frequency self-reorganisation dynamics and acts as a structural constraint, providing force-damping properties that mitigate mitotic stress. This work significantly advances our understanding of chromosome micromechanics and how the MCP contributes to the fundamental properties of chromosomes.