Neural signatures of loss of consciousness and its recovery by thalamic stimulation.

We know that general anesthesia produces unconsciousness but not quite how. We recorded neural activity from the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices and thalamus while maintaining unconsciousness in non-human primates (NHPs) with propofol. Unconsciousness was marked by slow frequency ([~]1 Hz) oscillations in local field potentials, entraining local spiking to Up states alternating with Down states of little spiking, and decreased higher frequency (>4 Hz) coherence. The thalamus contributed to cortical rhythms. Its stimulation \"awakened\" anesthetized NHPs and reversed the electrophysiologic features of unconsciousness. Unconsciousness thus resulted from slow frequency hypersynchrony and loss of high-frequency dynamics, partly mediated by the thalamus, that disrupts cortical communication/integration.