Detection of histone modifications and full-length transcriptome in single cells identifies sequential epigenetic perceptiveness to lineage commitment

Abstract

Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications, are key regulators of transcription and influence cellular differentiation. To uncover the interplay between histone modifications and transcription, we developed T-ChIC (Transcriptome + Chromatin ImmunoCleavage), which detects full-length transcripts and histone modifications in the same single cell. We applied T-ChIC to gastruloids, an in vitro model containing cell types derived from all three germ layers. During gastruloid development we observed a switch in transcription start site usage from multiple regions marked by H3K4me3 to one marked start site per gene. H3K27me3 coverage transitions from global marking of non-transcribed regions towards localised marking of repressive regions. Upon lineage commitment, bivalent regions are sequentially resolved towards a germ layer-specific state, where endoderm retains a high abundance of H3K27me3 while ectoderm displays a widespread loss. Together, we propose a model for a cell-intrinsic epigenetic timer, which ensures sequential perceptiveness of pluripotent cells to transcriptional activation of germ layer-specific genes.